International Journal of Scientific Pediatrics
type: channel
publisher: Андижанский государственный медицинский институт
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Scientific Pediatrics
issn: 2181-2926
items: Characteristics of Clinical Signs in the Comorbid Course of Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchial Asthma in Children
items: Modern Principles of Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Obstructive Bronchitis in Young Children
items: Spastic Diplegia (Juber Syndrome) In a CHild With Coronary Circulatory Disorder And Anemia
items: Thyroid Gland and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
items: Аnxiety as a Clinical Marker of Atopic Dermatitis Activity in CHildren
items: Bronchial Asthma in Adolescents with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia: Role of Th17 Cytokines, Vitamin D and Microelement Imbalance
items: Modern Clinical and Epidemiological Features of The Course of Hemorrhagic Vasculitis in CHildren
items: Adaptation of children to Learning in Schools with Different Educational Models: The State of Autonomic Homeostasis and Personal-Characterological Adaptive Resources
items: Modern Features of the Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Clinical Course of Acute glomerulonephritis in children
items: POLYMORPHISM OF THE FTO GENE (RS9939609) AS A RISK FACTOR FOR EARLY KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY
items: DEPRESSION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: THE DETERMINING ROLE OF DISEASE STAGE AND MOTOR DEFICIT
items: THE ROLE OF PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME AND HEALTH STATUS OF INFANTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE
items: PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER COMPLICATED BY RETROCHORIAL HEMATOMA
items: IMPROVING THE RESULTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CRYPTORCHIDISM IN CHILDREN
items: IMMUNOHEMATOLOGICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN FULL-TERM NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL PNEUMONIA
items: ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION TO CHANGE LIFESTYLE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE CHILDREN
items: CARDIOPROTECTION IN ANESTHESIOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR PEDIATRIC OPEN HEART SURGERY: CLINICAL CAPABILITIES OF SEVOFLURANE
items: ANESTHESIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN WITH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
items: IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT TACTICS FOR SEVERE DEGREES OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM IN PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
items: STUDY OF THE PATHOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VISFATIN AND FOLLISTATIN LEVELS IN ENDOCRINE INFERTILITY
items: THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND INNATE IMMUNITY PARAMETERS IN PREDICTING THE SEVERITY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN
items: A CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCCLUSION IN PATIENTS AGED 7 TO 18 YEARS
items: FEATURES OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS OF SYSTEMIC ONSET DEPENDING ON DISEASE ACTIVITY
items: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY FOR INFILTRATIVE-PURULENT FORMS OF LARYNGITIS IN PEDIATRICS
items: THE ROLE OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOCENOSIS AND ITS DIAGNOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
items: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS: THE IMPORTANCE OF INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY AND DISEASE DURATION
items: MULTIMODAL APPROACH TO DIAGNOSING POLYNEUROPATHIES OF VARIOUS ORIGINS IN CHILDREN
items: ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR THE TRANSFER OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION TO ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN LIVING IN FAMILY TUBERCULOSIS FACTORIES
items: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STATUS IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE DEPENDING ON OVERWEIGHT
items: INTEGRATING NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PARACLINICAL FINDINGS FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Characteristics of Clinical Signs in the Comorbid Course of Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchial Asthma in Children
type: item
description: Introduction. Allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma are among the most common allergic diseases in children and are pathogenetically interrelated. The comorbid course of these diseases may lead to more severe clinical manifestations, difficulties in disease control, and a reduction in patients’ quality of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of clinical signs in children with allergic rhinitis comorbid with bronchial asthma. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Allergology of the multidisciplinary clinic of Tashkent State Medical University. The age of the examined patients ranged from 7 to 18 years, with a mean age of 10.1 ± 0.31 years. Group 1 included 100 children with comorbid allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Group 2 included 50 children with allergic rhinitis, of whom subgroup 2a consisted of 24 patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR), and subgroup 2b consisted of 26 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR). The main clinical symptoms, their frequency, severity, and interrelationships were analyzed in children with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Results and discussion. Nasal obstruction was identified in 72 patients (72%) in Group 1 with combined allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, in 15 patients (62.5%) in subgroup 2a with intermittent allergic rhinitis, and in 17 patients (65.3%) in subgroup 2b with persistent allergic rhinitis (p<0.001). Rhinorrhea was most frequently observed as persistent, occurring both during the day and at night (4 points), in 59 patients (59%) of Group 1 and in 12 patients (50%) of subgroup 2a with intermittent allergic rhinitis (p<0.01). In subgroup 2b, among children with persistent allergic rhinitis, less frequent rhinorrhea (2 points) was more commonly observed in 15 patients (57.6%) (p<0.01). Sneezing in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma was of moderate severity in 43% of cases and marked severity in 39%…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: allergic rhinitis
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchial asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: comorbidity
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical signs
  topic: keywords
subject: allergic diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: symptoms
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Adibaxon Saidxonova
creator: Maktuba Mirraximova
creator: Saidanvarxon Sayitxonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1319
ending page: 1325
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1319-1325

Modern Principles of Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Obstructive Bronchitis in Young Children
type: item
description: Introduction. In recent decades, acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis remain among the most common respiratory diseases in young children and represent a significant problem in pediatric practice. The severity of these conditions is determined not only by pronounced inflammatory changes in the airways but also by the development of obstructive syndrome, which impairs lung ventilation and provokes respiratory failure. One of the key factors contributing to the unfavorable course of the disease is the insufficiency of the immune response in young children, making them more vulnerable to infectious and viral agents. Therefore, particular attention is given to the development and justification of comprehensive treatment strategies aimed not only at alleviating the symptoms of the disease but also at correcting the child’s immune status. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulin in acute obstructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis in young children based on the assessment of clinical signs of the disease. Materials and Methods. The study was based on data obtained from a three-year research project. conducted at the 1st Somatic Department of the Tashkent City Children’s Clinical Hospital. A total of 95 young children aged 1 month to 3 years (mean age 1.5 ± 0.63 years) with obstructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis were examined. Among them, 59 (62.1%) were boys and 36 (37.9%) were girls. Results and Discussion. In children with acute obstructive bronchitis (AOB), the use of immunomodulin contributed to faster resolution of clinical symptoms, including perioral cyanosis, skin pallor, tachycardia, wheezing, and cough, significantly increasing the overall treatment efficacy. In children with acute obstructive bronchiolitis (AOBl), recovery of breathing, disappearance of expiratory dyspnea, cyanosis, skin pallor, tachycardia, wheezing, and cough occurred more rapidly, also resulting in noticeable improvement in clinical outcomes. Thus, immunomodulin significantly accele…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchitis
  topic: keywords
subject: bronchiolitis
  topic: keywords
subject: immunomodulin
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical signs
  topic: keywords
subject: treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Makhzuna Mukhsinova
creator: Ilhom Karimdjanov
creator: Gulsara Reymnazarova
creator: Mukhiddin Togayev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1309
ending page: 1318
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1309-1318

Spastic Diplegia (Juber Syndrome) In a CHild With Coronary Circulatory Disorder And Anemia
type: item
description: Introduction. In recent years, comprehensive evaluation of clinical and instrumental features of cerebral palsy (CP), taking into account perinatal risk factors and comorbid somatic conditions influencing neurological severity, has gained particular importance. Early hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains one of the leading causes of spastic forms of CP. The aim of the study. To present a clinical case of spastic diplegia in a child and to assess clinical and instrumental characteristics of the disease course, including the impact of concomitant anemia on neurological status. Materials and Methods. The study is based on clinical observation of a female patient born in 2011 diagnosed with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and hospitalized at the multidisciplinary clinic of Tashkent State Medical university in 2026. Clinical-neurological examination, laboratory tests (complete blood count, biochemical analysis), and instrumental studies (EEG, EchoEG, ECG) were performed. Brain MRI data were also analyzed. Results and Discussion. The patient demonstrated signs of spastic hemiparesis predominantly affecting the left side, hyperreflexia, pathological reflexes, and delayed psychomotor and speech development. MRI revealed periventricular gliosis. EEG showed dysfunction of midline brainstem structures. Moderate anemia was detected (hemoglobin 88 g/L). These findings correspond to the typical course of spastic cerebral palsy associated with hypoxic-ischemic injury of periventricular white matter. Concomitant anemia may aggravate cognitive impairment due to chronic tissue hypoxia. Conclusion. The presented clinical case confirms the role of early hypoxic-ischemic CNS injury in the development of spastic diplegia. Concomitant anemia requires correction within comprehensive therapy, as it may worsen cognitive outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for patient stabilization and functional improvement.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: cerebral palsy
  topic: keywords
subject: spastic diplegia
  topic: keywords
subject: gliosis
  topic: keywords
subject: anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: hypoxic-ischemic injury
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: neurorehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilorom Dinmukhamedieva
creator: Gulshan Iskanova
creator: Nozima Sadikova
creator: Komil Nosirov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 1302
ending page: 1308
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1302-1308

Thyroid Gland and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
type: item
description: Introduction. Chronic kidney disease in children is accompanied by pronounced metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory disturbances, among which alterations in thyroid status occupy an important place. As renal function declines, peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism becomes impaired, iodine clearance decreases, chronic inflammation intensifies, and the likelihood of developing a biochemical profile consistent with low T3 syndrome increases. Aim. To summarize current evidence on thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease and to analyze the main pathogenetic mechanisms, laboratory abnormalities, and clinical significance of thyroid status alterations in this patient population. Materials and methods. This study was conducted as a narrative literature review. Recent publications on chronic kidney disease in children, thyroid profile abnormalities associated with reduced renal function, the pathogenetic mechanisms of low T3 syndrome, and the clinical significance of hormonal disturbances in this patient population were reviewed and analyzed. Results and discussion. Thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease does not always reflect primary thyroid pathology, as it often develops secondary to uremic intoxication, impaired deiodinase activity, chronic inflammation with activation of proinflammatory cytokines, protein-energy deficiency, and metabolic disturbances. The most common hormonal abnormality is low T3 syndrome, which should be regarded as one of the markers of systemic metabolic maladaptation in chronic kidney disease. In childhood, these changes are of particular clinical importance because they may be associated with growth retardation, impaired nutritional status, abnormalities of bone metabolism, and reduced adaptive capacity. Conclusion. Thyroid dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease is a clinically significant manifestation of systemic disorders and requires comprehensive assessment during follow-up, especially in …
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic kidney disease
  topic: keywords
subject: thyroid dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: low T3 syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: hypothyroidism
  topic: keywords
subject: pediatric nephrology
  topic: keywords
creator: Ilkhamdzhan Karimdzhanov
creator: Matluba Rahmonberdiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1296
ending page: 1301
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1296-1301

Аnxiety as a Clinical Marker of Atopic Dermatitis Activity in CHildren
type: item
description: Introduction. Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and is often associated with psychoemotional disturbances. The aim of the study to study the relationship between psychoemotional status and clinical activity of atopic dermatitis in children. Materials and Methods. A total of 41 children aged 7–12 years with atopic dermatitis and 20 healthy controls were examined. Disease severity was assessed using the SCORAD index. Anxiety levels were evaluated using the Spielberger–Khanin scale. Results and Discussion. Moderate severity predominated (51.2%). High anxiety levels were mainly observed in severe cases. A direct relationship between disease severity and anxiety level was established. Conclusion. Anxiety can be considered a clinical marker of atopic dermatitis activity, supporting the need for a comprehensive therapeutic approach.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: atopic dermatitis
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: anxiety
  topic: keywords
subject: SCORAD
  topic: keywords
subject: psychosomatic status
  topic: keywords
creator: Maktuba Mirrakhimova
creator: Dildora Abidova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 1290
ending page: 1295
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1290-1295

Bronchial Asthma in Adolescents with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia: Role of Th17 Cytokines, Vitamin D and Microelement Imbalance
type: item
description: Introduction. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and airway remodeling. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) in the development and progression of bronchial asthma in adolescents. Structural abnormalities of connective tissue may contribute to changes in the architecture of the bronchial wall, enhancement of inflammatory processes, and worsening of the clinical course of the disease. Aim of the study. To evaluate the role of Th17 cytokines (IL-17), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vitamin D status, and the balance of trace elements (zinc and magnesium) in adolescents with bronchial asthma associated with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. Material and methods. The study included 182 adolescents aged 12–17 years. The main group consisted of patients with bronchial asthma combined with UCTD (n=92), the comparison group included patients with bronchial asthma without UCTD (n=60), and the control group consisted of practically healthy adolescents (n=30). Clinical, laboratory, immunological and biochemical methods of investigation were used. The levels of IL-17, TGF-β, IgE, vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium were assessed. Results and discussion. Adolescents with bronchial asthma associated with UCTD demonstrated significantly higher levels of IL-17, TGF-β and IgE, as well as significantly lower levels of vitamin D, zinc and magnesium compared with the control group (p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated IL-17 levels and vitamin D deficiency were independent predictors of severe bronchial asthma. These findings indicate the involvement of immune dysregulation and connective tissue abnormalities in the processes of airway remodeling and disease progression. Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that adolescents with bronchial asthma associated with UCTD have pronounced immune a…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: bronchial asthma
  topic: keywords
subject: undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-17
  topic: keywords
subject: amin D deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescents
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilorom Abdullaeva
creator: Kamila Shomuradova
creator: Adibakhon Sаidkhonova
creator: Sukhrobzhon Tursunaliev
creator: Sabina Adkhamova
creator: Jahongir Mansurov
creator: Barnoxon Pulatova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
starting page: 1285
ending page: 1289
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1285-1289

Modern Clinical and Epidemiological Features of The Course of Hemorrhagic Vasculitis in CHildren
type: item
description: Introduction. According to the literature, hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura) is one of the most common systemic vasculitis in children. In recent years, the disease has been increasing not only in preschool and primary school children, but also in adolescents, and often develops in connection with respiratory infections, allergic conditions, and changes in the immune system. The aim of the study is to study the modern clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the course of hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch–Schonlein purpura) in children. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the scientific literature published in the last decade on hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch–Schonlein purpura) in children was performed. The obtained data were mathematically verified and compared by year. Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that the formation of immune complexes, inflammation of the vascular walls, and microcirculation disorders play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the clinical picture, hemorrhagic skin rashes, joint and abdominal syndromes, kidney damage, and mixed symptoms are the leading ones. Also, the course of the disease has individual characteristics, and its severity is determined by the main clinical symptoms and the development of complications. Conclusion. The scientific data obtained as a result of the study indicate that in-depth study of modern clinical and epidemiological characteristics is important for early detection of hemorrhagic vasculitis, assessment of risk factors, and prognosis of the course of the disease.
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: child
  topic: keywords
subject: hemorrhagic vasculitis
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: clinic
  topic: keywords
creator: Lola Raxmanova
creator: Muqaddas Boltaboeva
creator: Avazbek Nizamutdinov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1276
ending page: 1284
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1276-1284

Adaptation of children to Learning in Schools with Different Educational Models: The State of Autonomic Homeostasis and Personal-Characterological Adaptive Resources
type: item
description: Psychological and behavioral factors participate in the pathogenesis of most chronic non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). The aim of the study is to study the adaptation characteristics of children (parameters of vegetative homeostasis, personality characteristics, and adaptive behavior style) under conditions of moderate chronic stress. Materials and methods. The study included 177 children aged 10 to 12 (11.3±0.2 years), with first and second health groups, who graduated from primary school and are enrolled in the private "IQRO" school or the secondary level of general education schools. The main group consisted of 119 students from the "IQRO" school (55 girls). The comparison group consisted of 58 students (31 girls) from one of the general education schools. All patients underwent standard electrocardiography (ECG). The baseline autonomic tone was determined using the A.M. Vein questionnaire modified by N.A. Belokon. Vegetative tests were performed based on the analysis of heart rhythm and blood pressure. A.M. Prihozhan's adapted Phillips test and L.A. Yasukova's modified 12-factor Kettell personality questionnaire were used. Statistical Analysis. Data processing was performed using the Statistica 10 software package. The critical level of statistical significance for testing null hypotheses was set at p = 0.05. To compare the distributions of quantitative variables across groups, in addition to the classical analysis of variance (ANOVA), nonparametric methods were applied, including the Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance with Wilcoxon rank scores and the Van der Waerden test. Results. The analysis demonstrated that parameters of autonomic homeostasis are closely associated with personality traits and adaptive behavior styles. Baseline sympathicotonia was associated with high levels of general anxiety (p = 0.000) and reduced volitional self-control (p = 0.000). Children with excessive sympathetic reactivity were characterized by increa…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: learning
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomic nervous system
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariya Daminova
creator: Abdurayim Arzikulov
creator: Qahramon Yusupov
creator: Maxpora Mirzaeva
creator: Dilnoza Melieva
creator: Gulhayo Mamatkhujayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1265
ending page: 1275
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1265-1275

Modern Features of the Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Clinical Course of Acute glomerulonephritis in children
type: item
description: Introduction. In recent years, the evolution of acute glomerulonephritis in children has been accompanied by an early decline in renal function, with an increase in the frequency of latent and chronic variants of the disease. This situation requires serious attention to glomerulonephritis in children with various diseases (secondary immunodeficiency, allergic, metabolic) caused by environmental factors, which is a global problem. The aim of the study is to analyze the current features of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical course of acute glomerulonephritis in children and the impact of environmental problems on it. Materials and methods. A retrospective review of the literature on acute glomerulopathies in children (including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)) over the past decade was conducted. The data obtained was mathematically verified and compared by year. Results and discussion. APSGN in children is a serious problem today, and many aspects of the disease have not been fully resolved. Today, the real situation often differs radically from the traditional description of the disease. The reasons for the development of the pathological process in different clinical manifestations in individual patients and its severity remain unclear. Conclusion: In recent years, the leading etiological factor of OCSGN in children has been streptococcal infection, and the most typical clinical symptoms remain hematuria, generalized edema, and arterial hypertension. The development of the disease is often fundamentally dependent on the activation of a latent streptococcal infection in the body due to the influence of risk factors (ecology, hereditary predisposition to glomerulopathy, chronic foci of infection, the addition of a new viral-bacterial infection, secondary immunodeficiency, comorbidity of allergic, metabolic diseases).
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: child
  topic: keywords
subject: glomerulonephritis
  topic: keywords
subject: modern
  topic: keywords
subject: characteristic
  topic: keywords
creator: Akramjon Raxmanov
creator: Lola Raxmanova
creator: Shaxodat Matkarimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-28
publication date: 2026-04-28
starting page: 1255
ending page: 1264
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-2-1255-1264

POLYMORPHISM OF THE FTO GENE (RS9939609) AS A RISK FACTOR FOR EARLY KIDNEY DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY
type: item
description: Introduction. The problem of obesity in children continues to attract the attention of pediatricians worldwide. The development of a comorbid pathology, namely kidney damage, is of particular importance. In the pathogenesis of kidney disorders in obesity, both metabolic disorders and genetically determined predisposition lie. Studying these facts will allow us to identify a high-risk group among children with obesity for early preventive and treatment measures. The aim of the study is to study the relationship between kidney functional disorders and FTO gene polymorphism in children with obesity. Material and methods. 211 children with alimentary exogenous-constitutional obesity were examined, and from the examined sample of patients, groups were formed according to the types of fat tissue distribution: a group of children with abdominal fat tissue distribution type; a group of children with a uniform fat tissue distribution type. The control group consisted of 104 children of the same age and sex with normal body weight. We investigated the features of anthropometric data, biochemical and molecular genetic studies, including determining the excretion of albumin with urine, cystatin levels, calculating glomerular filtration rate, and determining the polymorphism of the FTO gene. Results and Discussion. Our studies showed that in children with abdominal obesity, the frequency of the AA genotype was higher (28.4%) compared to the group of children with moderate obesity (16%) with a statistically significant advantage (2=4.529, p=0.034). This allowed us to classify the AA genotype as predisposing to the development of abdominal obesity. Both in children with abdominal obesity and in children with moderate obesity, the highest level of urine albumin (77.03±6.52 mg/l and 54.11±5.17 mg/l) was noted in carriers of the A/A genotype, and the lowest in children with carriers of the T/T genotype (38.83±5.03 mg/l and 21.39±3.14 mg/l; p<0.001). In children with a uniform type of…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: metabolic kidney damage
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: microalbuminuria
  topic: keywords
subject: cystatin
  topic: keywords
subject: FTO gene
  topic: keywords
creator: Lilya Garifulina
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 1244
ending page: 1250
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1244-1250

DEPRESSION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: THE DETERMINING ROLE OF DISEASE STAGE AND MOTOR DEFICIT
type: item
description: Introduction. Depression is a frequent non-motor manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD), significantly affecting patients' quality of life and prognosis. The aim of the study the prevalence of depression using the HADS scale and its associations with clinical and demographic parameters in PD patients. Materials and Methods. A total of 153 PD patients were examined. The assessment tools included Part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) for motor evaluation and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression screening. Patients were categorized based on HADS scores into groups: no depression (0-7), subclinical depression (8-10), and clinical depression (≥11). Results and Discussion. Subclinical depression was identified in 68.6% (n=105) of patients, while clinical depression was found in 9.9% (n=15). Age and gender did not differ significantly between the groups (p>0.05). Strong positive correlations were established between the depression score and the Hoehn & Yahr stage (p=0.00043) as well as the UPDRS-III score (p=0.002). In the multivariate regression model, the PD stage was a borderline significant predictor of clinical depression (p=0.065). Conclusions. Depression in PD is predominantly subclinical and is strongly associated with the severity of motor deficit and disease stage. This justifies the rationale for implementing stage-oriented screening for depression in this patient population.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: affective disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: depression
  topic: keywords
subject: Parkinson's disease
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
creator: Gullola Isroilova
creator: Gulrukhsora Isroilova
creator: Zaynutdinkhuzha Saifitdinkhuzhaev
creator: Nargisa Nasirdinova
creator: Odina Quchkarova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 1228
ending page: 1234
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1228-1234

THE ROLE OF PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME AND HEALTH STATUS OF INFANTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE
type: item
description: Introduction. The first year of life represents a critical “window of development” characterized by high microbiome plasticity and increased sensitivity to various early-life factors. During this period, the foundations of immune tolerance, intestinal barrier function, and regulation of inflammatory responses are established. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant influence of the gut microbiota on the health status and development of infants in the first year of life. The aim of the study. To analyze international experience in assessing the role of perinatal and postnatal factors in the formation of the gut microbiome and health status of infants during the first year of life. Materials and Methods. A total of 36 publications were analyzed, including systematic reviews, cohort studies, prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and original research articles focusing on the role of perinatal and postnatal factors in shaping the gut microbiome and its association with infant health outcomes. Results and Discussion. The formation of the gut microbiome begins at birth and represents a stepwise dynamic process. The mode of delivery has a significant impact on the initial composition of the intestinal microbiota. Vaginally delivered infants are predominantly colonized by microorganisms of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides, whereas infants born by cesarean section demonstrate reduced microbial diversity and delayed intestinal colonization. The maternal microbiome status, nutritional characteristics, and the presence of somatic diseases significantly influence primary intestinal colonization in newborns. The maternal microbiota has been identified as one of the main sources of microorganisms transmitted to the infant during the perinatal period. Thе microbiome is determined not only by its taxonomic composition but also by its metabolic activity, particularly the ability of microorganisms to synthesize biologically active metabo…
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: infants
  topic: keywords
subject: first year of life
  topic: keywords
subject: gut microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: perinatal factors
  topic: keywords
subject: postnatal factors
  topic: keywords
subject: health status
  topic: keywords
creator: Shoira Agzamova
creator: Sayyora Lutfullayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-23
publication date: 2026-02-23
starting page: 1235
ending page: 1243
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1235-1243

PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER COMPLICATED BY RETROCHORIAL HEMATOMA
type: item
description: Introduction. Retrochorial hematoma (RCH) in early gestation in women can predict adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. The relationship between the presence of RCH, its location, size, and perinatal complications was studied. Increased RCH size is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications such as vaginal bleeding in the first trimester, early fetal loss, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and preterm labor. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between first-trimester retrochorial hematoma and gestational and perinatal complications. Patients and methods. Information on 177 patients whose pregnancies in the first trimester (<14 weeks) were complicated by retrochorial hematoma was obtained from an analysis of archival material at Tashkent Regional Clinical and Practical Center No. 6, conducted between January 2023 and December 2025. A control group (35 healthy pregnant women) was recruited from the outpatient clinic of this institution. The presence of fetal cardiac activity at the time of diagnosis of retrochorial hematoma was a prerequisite for inclusion in the study. Depending on the hematoma size, pregnant women with RCH were divided into three groups: with small hematomas (RCH-I group, n = 57), with medium hematomas (RCH-II group (n = 101) and with large hematomas (RCH-III group, n = 19). The control group consisted of 35 pregnant women without RCH and vaginal bleeding. Statistical processing of the data was performed within the framework of a retrospective study using Statistica software (version 25.0). Results. Retrochorial hematoma is associated with an increased frequency of bleeding in the first trimester, regardless of its size, as well as with a lower gestational age of the fetus at delivery. At the same time, an increase in the size of a retrochorial hematoma increases the risk of placental abruption, preterm labor, SIDS and fetal loss. Conclusions. Thus, the association of early gestation retr…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: sonography
  topic: keywords
subject: retrochorial hematoma
  topic: keywords
subject: hematoma size
  topic: keywords
subject: perinatal outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulyamovna Rasul-Zade Yulduz
creator: Dilfuzakhon Shukurkhujaeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 1220
ending page: 1227
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1220-1227

IMPROVING THE RESULTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CRYPTORCHIDISM IN CHILDREN
type: item
description: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male reproductive system and is characterized by the failure of testicular descent into the scrotum. This condition leads to impaired microcirculation, vascularization, and thermoregulation of the testicular tissue, resulting in degenerative changes, suppression of spermatogenesis, and an increased risk of infertility. According to the literature, the incidence of cryptorchidism ranges from 1.6% to 9% in full-term newborns and reaches up to 30% in preterm infants. Delayed medical consultation, late diagnosis, and inappropriate treatment strategies significantly worsen therapeutic outcomes. Aim of the study: To improve the outcomes of cryptorchidism treatment in children through early diagnosis and a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Materials and methods: From 2020 to 2025, 253 patients aged from 8 months to 17 years with various forms of cryptorchidism were examined and treated at the In the urology department of the Andijan Regional Children's Multidisciplinary Medical Center. Diagnostic methods included Doppler ultrasonography, multislice computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diagnostic laparoscopy when indicated. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory investigations; in cases of non-palpable gonads, serum sex hormone levels were additionally assessed. Results and conclusion: The results demonstrate that early detection of cryptorchidism and a differentiated surgical approach contribute to the preservation of gonadal function and reduction of postoperative complications. Timely application of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques significantly decreases the incidence of testicular atrophy, retraction, and the risk of infertility.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: cryptorchidism
  topic: keywords
subject: orchidopexy
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: abdominal cryptorchidism
  topic: keywords
subject: inguinal retention
  topic: keywords
creator: Adxam Gafurov
creator: Nodirbek Nazirov
creator: Zoirjon Turakulov
creator: Mamasoli Allaev
creator: Dilshodbek Mamataliyev
creator: Muxammadjon Soliyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
starting page: 1213
ending page: 1219
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1213-1219

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN FULL-TERM NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL PNEUMONIA
type: item
description: Relevance. Congenital pneumonia (СP) remains one of the most severe forms of perinatal infection, exerting a significant impact on neonatal morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 7 million children in early infancy suffer annually from the consequences of intrauterine infection, with more than 600,000 cases resulting in death during the neonatal and infant periods. The purpose . To assess the diagnostic value of leukocyte profile parameters in umbilical cord blood of newborns with intrauterine pneumonia. Materials and Methods. A prospective study was conducted involving 81 full-term newborns (gestational age 37–42 weeks), including 61 infants diagnosed with СP (main group) and 20 healthy newborns (control group). Umbilical cord blood samples were collected within the first hours of life to determine absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts. Statistical analysis included calculation of mean values, standard deviations, correlation coefficients (r), and significance levels (p). Results. Significant alterations in leukocyte profiles were observed in newborns with СP. The mean leukocyte count was 14.77 ± 0.512 × 10⁹/L, markedly higher than in the control group (9.87 ± 1.317 × 10⁹/L). A similar trend was noted for lymphocytes: 6.02 ± 0.719 × 10⁹/L versus 1.56 ± 0.361 × 10⁹/L. A moderate positive correlation was found between leukocyte and lymphocyte counts (r = 0.59; p < 0.05), indicating synchronized activation of the innate immune response. Peak levels were recorded on the third day of life. Conclusion. The leukocyte profile of umbilical cord blood serves as a valuable marker of inflammatory activity in СP and can be utilized for early immunological monitoring in newborns.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: newborns
  topic: keywords
subject: pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: leukocytes
  topic: keywords
subject: lymphocytes
  topic: keywords
subject: immune system
  topic: keywords
creator: Gullola Turabidinova
creator: Shohida Turdieva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 1205
ending page: 1212
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1205-1212

ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION TO CHANGE LIFESTYLE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE CHILDREN
type: item
description: Obesity is associated with serious health problems in children and is a major and early risk factor for morbidity and mortality in adults. The direct health effects of obesity include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and glucose tolerance. Purpose of the study: assessment of leptin and adiponectin levels before and after lifestyle changes in children with obesity and overweight and determining their role as biomarkers. Material and methods: One hundred and four overweight and obese children (51 boys and 53 girls) were included in this study and constituted the main group. Fifty-four children with normal body weight without endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or liver diseases constituted the study's control group. Of the first 104 children, 48 returned for re-examination after a year of lifestyle changes. Anthropometric indicators were assessed in these children at the initial stage, as well as after one year. Lifestyle intervention is included in the educational program, which includes changes in nutrition and physical activity. Children and their parents are advised to switch to a normal calorie diet based on a balanced distribution of carbohydrates (55%), proteins (15%), and lipids (total 30%, saturated fats less than 10%). When changing the form of physical activity, it is recommended to perform aerobic exercises three to five times a week for no less than 45-60 minutes. Results: Clinical and biochemical characteristics were determined in children with obesity and excess body weight (group A, n=104) at the initial stage compared to the control group (group B, n=54), at the initial stage (group C, n=48) and after 1 year of intervention (group D, n=48). After 1 year of preventive intervention, 48 children were re-examined. Children with unchanged body weight and those who lost weight were compared. Children with obesity and excess weight did not have statistical differences in many parameters, including insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and adiponectin levels, compar…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: overweight
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: body mass index
  topic: keywords
subject: leptin
  topic: keywords
subject: adiponectin
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulhayo Mamatkhujayeva
creator: Abdurayim Arzikulov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 1200
ending page: 1204
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1200-1204

CARDIOPROTECTION IN ANESTHESIOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR PEDIATRIC OPEN HEART SURGERY: CLINICAL CAPABILITIES OF SEVOFLURANE
type: item
description: Experimental studies have shown that volatile anesthetics can induce pharmacological preconditioning and reduce the degree of myocardial damage, however, clinical data in pediatric practice remain limited and contradictory. Objective. Compare the cardioprotective effects of sevofluron and total intravenous propofol anesthesia in children who underwent open-heart surgery using artificial blood circulation. Methods. A prospective one-centered study included 106 children aged 6 months to 5 years with congenital heart defects who underwent open-heart surgery with cardioplegic cardiac arrest. Patients were divided into two groups: sevofluran (n=53) and propofol (n=53). The primary endpoint was the maximum level of cardiospecific troponin T in the postoperative period. Secondary endpoints included the frequency of arrhythmias, indicators of hemodynamic stability, echocardiography data, the need for inotropic support, the duration of mechanical ventilation and stay in the intensive care unit. Results. In all observations, an increase in the level of cardiospecific troponin T after surgery was noted, however, its values were significantly lower in the sevofluran group at all stages of observation. After 3 hours, the level of cTnT was 1.2±0.3 ng/ml in the sevoflurane group and 1.9±0.4 ng/ml in the propofol group (p<0.05), after 8 hours-1.7±0.4 and 2.6±0.5 ng/ml respectively (p<0.01), after 12 hours-1.5±0.3 and 2.3±0.5 ng/ml (p<0.05), after 24 hours-1.1±0.2 and 1.8±0.3 ng/ml (p<0.05). Arrhythmias were registered in 11.3% of patients in the sevoflurane group and in 26.4% of patients in the propofol group (p<0.05). The need for inotropic support was lower when using sevoflurane (15.1% versus 32.1%, p<0.05). The time of artificial lung ventilation (9.2±3.1 versus 13.6±4.4 hours, p<0.01) and the duration of stay in the ICU (36±10 versus 52±14 hours, p<0.05) were significantly shorter in the sevoflurane group. Echo-indicators indicated a faster restoration of myocardial systolic a…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: congenital heart defects
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: sevofluran
  topic: keywords
subject: propofol
  topic: keywords
subject: cardioprotection
  topic: keywords
subject: troponin T
  topic: keywords
creator: Farmon Toxirov
creator: Sherzod Toshboev
creator: Murodjon Kodirov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
starting page: 1192
ending page: 1199
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1192-1199

ANESTHESIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN WITH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
type: item
description: Intestinal obstruction in infants and young children is associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Besides surgical factors, anesthesiological management and perioperative intensive care may significantly influence outcomes. Objective.This study aimed to identify perioperative predictors of adverse outcomes in children with intestinal obstruction and to evaluate anesthesiological management strategies. Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted at the Andijan Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Center. Medical records of 99 children aged 0-3 years who underwent emergency surgery for intestinal obstruction were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, anesthetic, and perioperative variables were evaluated. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were applied to identify independent predictors of adverse outcomes. Results. Adverse outcomes (severe complications and/or death) occurred in 34.3% of patients. Operation duration was identified as an independent predictor of adverse outcome (OR 1.064 per minute; 95% CI 1.023-1.107; p=0.002). Delayed hospital admission (>24 h) showed a borderline association with adverse outcome (p=0.057). The regression model demonstrated acceptable discrimination (AUC=0.722). Late hospital admission (>24 hours) was marginally associated with adverse outcomes (p=0.057). The regression model had satisfactory discriminant ability, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.722. According to the results of the analysis, the duration of surgery was identified as an independent and reliable predictor of adverse clinical outcomes (OR=1.078; 95% CI: 1.028-1.131; p=0.002). This indicates that each additional minute of surgery increases the probability of developing an adverse clinical outcome by an average of 7-8%. This suggests that metabolic disorders associated with prolonged surgical time and increased surgical stress negatively affect clinical outcomes. Also, late hospital presen…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: intestinal obstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: general anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: epidural anesthesia
  topic: keywords
subject: perioperative period
  topic: keywords
subject: risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
creator: Sherzod Toshboev
creator: Ziyodaxon Ne’matova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 1178
ending page: 1185
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1178-1185

IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT TACTICS FOR SEVERE DEGREES OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM IN PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
type: item
description: The pathogenesis of pectus excavatum involves not only osteochondral structures but also the soft tissue components of the anterior chest wall, including the sternodiaphragmatic ligament, which plays an important role. The aim of this study was to improve the treatment strategy for severe forms of pectus excavatum (PE) in preschool-aged children. Clinical material: the treatment outcomes of 30 children aged 1 to 6 years diagnosed with grade III–IV pectus excavatum were analyzed. Methods: the degree of deformity was determined using multislice computed tomography (MSCT). In all patients, the morphological and functional status of the sternodiaphragmatic ligament (SDL) was additionally assessed by ultrasonography (US). Based on these findings, an individualized treatment strategy was selected. In patients with grade III–IV deformities and the presence of contracture and fibrotic changes of the SDL, ligament release was performed followed by correction using the vacuum bell technique. Results: In preschool-aged children with severe pectus excavatum, assessment of the sternodiaphragmatic ligament using ultrasonography is of great importance for selecting the appropriate treatment strategy. In patients with a morphologically preserved ligament, vacuum bell therapy was effective, whereas in cases with fibrotic changes and contracture, the use of vacuum bell correction combined with ligament release provided significantly better clinical and anatomical outcomes. Statistical analysis of the obtained results demonstrated a significant association between anterior chest wall deformation and mechanical stresses and the severity of the deformity. According to MSCT and computational biomechanical modeling, both the compression depth and the maximum von Mises stress values increased in a statistically significant manner with increasing deformity severity (p < 0.01). Compared with patients with grade II deformity, those with grade III–IV deformities showed significantly higher com…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: pectus excavatum
  topic: keywords
subject: preschool age
  topic: keywords
subject: sternodiaphragmatic ligament
  topic: keywords
subject: ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
subject: vacuum bell
  topic: keywords
subject: contracture
  topic: keywords
creator: Mirzakarimov Bahromjon
creator: Isakov Nuriddin
creator: Djumabaev Juraqul
creator: Karimov Doniyorbek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-19
publication date: 2026-01-19
starting page: 1186
ending page: 1191
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2026-5-1-1186-1191

STUDY OF THE PATHOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VISFATIN AND FOLLISTATIN LEVELS IN ENDOCRINE INFERTILITY
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of neohormones in the development of endocrine infertility in women with overweight and grade I–II obesity, and to determine the relationship between metabolic disturbances, hormonal imbalance, and impaired reproductive function. The relevance of the research is driven by the increasing prevalence of obesity among women of reproductive age and the limited understanding of how neohormones contribute to the pathogenesis of endocrine infertility. Materials and Methods: The study included 114 women with reproductive dysfunction and varying degrees of excess body weight. Clinical assessment, evaluation of hormonal profiles, analysis of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and examination of liver function were performed. Levels of neohormones, including leptin, adiponectin, and several metabolically active peptides, were determined using standard laboratory methods. Results: Significant differences in metabolic parameters were identified, reflecting the extent of adipose tissue dysfunction and disturbances in neuroendocrine regulation. Elevated leptin levels and reduced adiponectin concentrations were associated with markers of insulin resistance, increased liver enzyme activity, and an unfavorable lipid profile. Women with pronounced alterations in neohormone secretion more frequently exhibited anovulatory cycles and a reduced ovarian reserve. These findings confirm the critical role of metabolic disturbances in the development of endocrine infertility among women with obesity. Novelty: The study establishes a comprehensive relationship between neohormone levels, metabolic status, and reproductive dysfunction in women with obesity. The results expand current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying infertility in the context of metabolic disorders and highlight the potential diagnostic value of neohormones as biomarkers. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of routine monitoring of metabolic and hormonal status, …
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: neohormones
  topic: keywords
subject: endocrine infertility
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: metabolic dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: leptin
  topic: keywords
subject: adiponectin
  topic: keywords
subject: insulin resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: hormonal imbalance
  topic: keywords
subject: reproductive health
  topic: keywords
subject: ovarian function
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilafruzxon Maksudova
creator: Diyora Muxammedaminova
creator: Umida Mirzaeva
creator: Sanobar Samijonova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1165
ending page: 1175
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1165-1175

THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND INNATE IMMUNITY PARAMETERS IN PREDICTING THE SEVERITY OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN
type: item
description: Introduction. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common respiratory infections in children and remains a major challenge in contemporary pediatrics. Assessing the risk of severe disease and predicting treatment outcomes in pediatric patients is of practical importance. Immunological biomarkers – including immunoglobulins, cellular subpopulations, and inflammatory indicators – play a key role in the pathogenesis of CAP and help characterize the immune response and disease severity. Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of inflammatory markers and innate immunity parameters in children with varying severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Materials and Methods. The study included 80 children aged 1 month to 3 years with a clinically and radiologically confirmed diagnosis of CAP. Patients were divided into two groups based on disease severity: 40 children with mild CAP and 40 with severe CAP. Severity stratification was performed using clinical criteria, including respiratory rate, degree of intoxication, presence of respiratory failure, and oxygen therapy requirement. Plasma levels of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, along with immunological parameters – CD16+, CD64+, and neutrophil phagocytic activity—were assessed as indicators of inflammation and innate immunity. Results. Significant differences were found between mild and severe CAP groups in leukocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations, CD64+ expression, and neutrophil phagocytic activity. Elevated leukocytes, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and CD64+ expression (p<0.001) were associated with severe disease, while lymphopenia reflected impaired adaptive immunity (p<0.001). Phagocytic activity was also higher in severe cases (p<0.001). CD16+ did not reach statistical significance, though a tendency toward increased levels was observed. The most informative combination of markers included leukocyte count, proca…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: сommunity-acquired pneumonia
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: inflammatory markers
  topic: keywords
subject: innate immunity
  topic: keywords
subject: procalcitonin
  topic: keywords
subject: C-reactive protein
  topic: keywords
subject: CD64
  topic: keywords
subject: phagocytosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Nodira Abrieva
creator: Alisher Sharipov
creator: Zafar Safarov
creator: Bobir Shukurov
creator: Rustamxon Axrorxonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 1160
ending page: 1164
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1160-1164

A CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCCLUSION IN PATIENTS AGED 7 TO 18 YEARS
type: item
description: Relevance. Malocclusions, accompanied by overload or underload of individual teeth in a specific region of the jaw, can cause pathological changes in the alveolar process, similar to those observed in periodontal disease. In this regard, clinical and radiological examination of the alveolar process at different age periods and with different types of bite is of great importance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical and radiological age-related features of the normal structure of the alveolar process of the mandible in children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years. Materials and methods of the study. In the present study, we selected for clinical and radiographic examination of the alveolar process a total of 600 individuals aged 7 to 18 years with orthognathic occlusion; 50 individuals with excessive maxillary development complicated by deep incisal overlap (prognathism combined with deep bite); 42 individuals with excessive maxillary development without contact between the anterior teeth (prognathism combined with open bite); 50 individuals with deep incisal overlap (deep bite); and 22 individuals with open bite. Of the 600 individuals with orthognathic occlusion, 160 were examined twice, and 29 were examined three times at intervals of 1–2–3–4 years after the initial assessment. Results. In the four types of malocclusion examined in our study, the radiographic structure of the alveolar process was generally similar to that observed in individuals with orthognathic occlusion. Only in subjects with excessive maxillary development and absence of contact between the anterior teeth (prognathism combined with open bite) was an increased radiolucency of the trabecular structure of the interdental septa observed more frequently (in 25 out of 42 individuals). These features were found only in subjects aged 12 years and older, and only in cases where no occlusal contact between the anterior teeth was present even upon mandibular protrusion. Conclusion. The…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: alveolar process
  topic: keywords
subject: prognathism
  topic: keywords
subject: orthognathic occlusion
  topic: keywords
subject: deep bite
  topic: keywords
creator: Serajudin Gusenov
creator: Маrat Budaychiev
creator: Madina Abdumukhtarova
creator: Abdulrahim Abdufarukov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 1142
ending page: 1147
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1142-1147

FEATURES OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS OF SYSTEMIC ONSET DEPENDING ON DISEASE ACTIVITY
type: item
description: Relevance. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a distinct autoinflammatory subtype of juvenile arthritis, characterized by pronounced systemic inflammation and extra-articular manifestations such as fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. The disease is associated with dysregulated production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18), which determine its severity and increase the risk of complications. Conventional inflammatory markers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are often insufficiently specific for accurate assessment of disease activity. Therefore, studying cytokine profiles and identifying reliable immunological biomarkers is particularly relevant for timely diagnosis, objective evaluation of disease activity, and optimization of individualized treatment strategies in children with sJIA, ultimately contributing to improved clinical outcomes and better prognosis. Objective. To study the characteristics of the course of juvenile arthritis depending on disease activity in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). Materials and Methods. A prospective cohort study including 74 children with juvenile arthritis (44 of them with sJIA) was conducted from 2021 to 2023. The diagnosis was established according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria (2001). Immunological assessments included measurement of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α) using the RANDOX biochip technology, as well as autoimmune markers (S-100, serum ferritin) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on a Multiskan FS, conducted in the clinical laboratory of RSSPMCP. The level of disease activity was assessed using the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 27 (JADAS27). Statistical analysis was performed using StatPlus v8.0.3 and Microsoft Excel; correlations were assessed with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and differences were considered sta…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: IL-18
  topic: keywords
subject: systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-6
  topic: keywords
subject: JADAS27
  topic: keywords
creator: Dilorom Akhmedova
creator: Iroda Kasimova
creator: Abdubosit Ibragimov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 1148
ending page: 1152
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1148-1152

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY FOR INFILTRATIVE-PURULENT FORMS OF LARYNGITIS IN PEDIATRICS
type: item
description: Infiltrative-purulent forms of laryngitis in children represent one of the most clinically significant and potentially dangerous pathologies of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by a high risk of acute laryngeal stenosis and purulent-inflammatory complications. In the context of an evolving etiological structure of the disease and the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, the selection of optimal antibacterial therapy remains a complex and debated issue. This review systematizes current data on the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of infiltrative-purulent laryngitis in children, and outlines the key principles of rational antibiotic prescribing. Special attention is given to the pathogenetic rationale for the use of various antibiotic classes, their pharmacokinetic properties, and their antimicrobial activity spectrum against common pathogens. The review also addresses issues related to increasing microbial resistance, the frequency of clinical prescribing errors, and insufficient patient compliance. A separate section examines the safety of antibacterial therapy in pediatric practice, including the risks of adverse reactions, age-related limitations, and the need for careful monitoring of potential complications. Furthermore, contemporary approaches to combined treatment are discussed, including the use of systemic glucocorticosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents, inhalation therapy, and surgical interventions in complicated cases. The review highlights key directions for improving antibacterial therapy, such as the development of personalized treatment regimens and the expansion of antibiotic resistance control programs.
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: infiltrative-purulent laryngitis
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotic therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Islom Shamatov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 1153
ending page: 1159
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-6-1153-1159

THE ROLE OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOCENOSIS AND ITS DIAGNOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
type: item
description: Annotation. Children with congenital heart defects constitute a highly susceptible cohort for the development of intestinal dysbiosis and epithelial barrier dysfunction. This athophysiological vulnerability stems from anomalous intestinal perfusion or hypoxemia, which manifests in conditions of low cardiac output or cyanosis. Disruption of gut microbiota eubiosis potentially exacerbates systemic inflammation, adversely affecting clinical outcomes in this patient group. Despite significant advancements in therapeutic strategies and survival rates for patients with congenital heart defects, the incidence of associated complications remains substantial, raising questions regarding the microbiome's role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes. Aim of the study: to analyze the characteristics, properties, mechanistic role, and diagnostic methods of short-chain fatty acids in assessing the state of the intestinal microbiocenosis in children with congenital heart defects, based on data from international and domestic research. Material and methods: a systematic literature review on the specified topic was conducted using electronic database resources including PubMed, Medline, eLibrary, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Results and discussion: the obtained data provide a comprehensive understanding of the properties and composition of the intestinal microbiota in children with congenital heart defects. They emphasize the necessity of studying the microbiota not as an isolated organ, but as an integral system that supports interaction with all physiological systems of the body and plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and adaptive reserves to changing internal and external environmental conditions. It has been determined that congenital heart defects remain the primary cause of child mortality, despite treatment advancements. In children with congenital heart defects, inflammation and low cardiac output are crucial pathophysiological factors exacerba…
subject: Article / Review
  topic: section
subject: congenital heart defects
  topic: keywords
subject: intestinal microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: microbiocenosis
  topic: keywords
subject: short-chain fatty acids
  topic: keywords
creator: Shoira Agzamova
creator: Faniya Babajanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1067
ending page: 1071
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-5-1067-1071

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE ARTHRITIS: THE IMPORTANCE OF INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY AND DISEASE DURATION
type: item
description: Relevance. Under the influence of progressive inflammatory activity, immunological disturbances, and pharmacological therapy, cardiovascular system damage in children with juvenile arthritis is considered one of the leading factors contributing to a poorer prognosis and increased risk of disability. The clinical manifestations of such disorders are often masked by the underlying disease, which leads to a delay in diagnosis. This highlights the necessity of a detailed investigation of cardiovascular abnormalities in this patient population. Objective. To assess the impact of inflammatory activity and disease duration of juvenile arthritis on the development of cardiovascular disorders in children. Materials and Methods. The study included 80 patients with JIA aged 2 to 17 years, divided into two groups: 50 with systemic-onset JIA and 30 with the articular form of the disease. Clinical, instrumental, and laboratory methods were applied. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v.26. Results. It was established that the frequency of cardiovascular disorders in children with systemic-onset JIA was higher than in those with the articular form. The following characteristic cardiovascular disorders were identified: chronic heart failure, myocardial remodeling, arrhythmias, conduction blocks, left ventricular hypertrophy, and decreased contractile function. A significant association was demonstrated between the frequency of these disorders, the severity of inflammatory activity, and disease duration. Conclusion. In children with systemic-onset JIA, cardiovascular disorders are more frequent compared to the articular form. The progression and high inflammatory activity of JIA are closely related to the development of structural and functional cardiac changes, including myocardial remodeling, conduction abnormalities, and valvular dysfunctions.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  topic: keywords
subject: cardiovascular disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: heart failure
  topic: keywords
subject: myocardial remodeling
  topic: keywords
subject: disease activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Nilufar Akhmedova
creator: Farangiz Saydalieva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1072
ending page: 1077
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-5-1072-1077

MULTIMODAL APPROACH TO DIAGNOSING POLYNEUROPATHIES OF VARIOUS ORIGINS IN CHILDREN
type: item
description: Background: Polyneuropathies in children pose diagnostic challenges due to their diverse etiologies, age-specific clinical presentations, and the need for specialized assessment techniques. A multimodal diagnostic approach, combining clinical evaluation, electrophysiology, laboratory studies, and imaging, is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured multimodal diagnostic approach in identifying pediatric polyneuropathies and determine the diagnostic yield of various modalities. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 85 pediatric patients (age range: 0-18 years) suspected of having polyneuropathy at Fergana Regional Children’s Multidisciplinary Medical Center. The diagnostic protocol included comprehensive clinical assessment, nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG), targeted laboratory investigations, neuroimaging, and genetic testing when indicated. Results: Definitive diagnoses were established in 78 patients (91.8%). The most common etiologies were hereditary neuropathies (34.1%), immune-mediated inflammatory neuropathies (28.2%), and metabolic causes (15.3%). Nerve conduction studies had the highest diagnostic yield (89.4%), followed by targeted genetic testing (72.3% in hereditary cases) and laboratory investigations (68.2%). Conclusions: A structured multimodal approach significantly improves diagnostic accuracy in pediatric polyneuropathies. Early use of electrophysiological studies, combined with targeted laboratory and genetic testing, enables timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: polyneuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: pediatric neurology
  topic: keywords
subject: multimodal diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: nerve conduction studies
  topic: keywords
subject: electromyography
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
creator: Kakhkhorali Gulomov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1078
ending page: 1083
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-5-1078-1083

ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR THE TRANSFER OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION TO ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN LIVING IN FAMILY TUBERCULOSIS FACTORIES
type: item
description: Relevance. According to the WHO definition, latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represents a state of persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the absence of clinical manifestations of the disease, which can only be detected through immunological tests. Experts estimate that about one-quarter of the world’s population is infected with LTBI, with a lifetime risk of reactivation ranging from 5% to 15%, particularly within the first five years after infection and predominantly during childhood. Within the framework of the global tuberculosis control strategy after 2015, special attention has been directed to the early detection and prevention of LTBI as a key element in reducing the incidence of new cases. However, to date, no “gold standard” exists for diagnosing and differentiating latent and active forms of tuberculosis in children. Objective. To study the anamnestic and social indicators of latent tuberculosis infection development and active tuberculosis course in children. Materials and Methods. A retrospective-prospective cohort study was conducted in accordance with the international STROBE standard. A total of 60 children were included and divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 40 children with latent tuberculosis infection, and Group 2 included 20 children with active tuberculosis. Results. It was established that the key social risk factors for tuberculosis activation were living in low-income, large, and single-parent families, poor housing conditions, low parental education, unemployment, and harmful habits. Among biological factors, low birth weight, perinatal CNS lesions, early childhood anemia, as well as concomitant chronic conditions (helminthic invasions, gastrointestinal and endocrine disorders, myopia, rheumatism) were identified. Epidemiological factors included contact with bacillary patients, lack of chemoprophylaxis, non-compliance with sanitary measures in households, living in families with HIV infection, and a history of COVID-19…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: latent tuberculosis infection
  topic: keywords
subject: active tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: tuberculosis infection focus
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
creator: Dinara Adjablayeva
creator: Nargiza Parpiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1084
ending page: 1088
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-5-1084-1088

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STATUS IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE DEPENDING ON OVERWEIGHT
type: item
description: Relevance. The problem of obesity in the population of children and adolescents is not only pediatric, but also a cardiological problem, since in children and adolescents with excess body weight, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and early signs of myocardial remodeling are significantly more frequently detected, which contributes to the formation of a high cardiovascular risk at a young age. In particular, in schoolchildren of different ages with metabolic syndrome, the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases is 14 times higher, and diabetes mellitus is 11 times higher compared to their peers without this syndrome. Purpose of the research. To study the features of the course of functional disorders of the cardiovascular system in children with excess body weight, depending on age (7-10 years). Materials and methods of research. The examination was conducted at the city adolescent center. The study involved 50 children with excess body weight and 30 children without excess body weight. The study involved 50 children with excess body weight and 30 children without excess body weight. Research results. In the main BMI group, excess body weight (+2 SD) was detected in 93.3% of boys and 94.2% of girls, and the risk of excess weight (+1 SD) was 6.7% of boys and 5.8% of girls, weight gain was observed, and growth was not observed in the control group. According to the study of parental questionnaires in the main group, it was revealed that heredity is complicated in children with various pathologies, among which cardiovascular system pathologies occurred in 72% (ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, those who had a heart attack at a young age), type 2 diabetes mellitus - in 16.7%, endocrine pathologies - in 42% (hypo- and hyperthyroidism, etc.). Among comorbidities, chronic tonsillitis occurred in 91.0% of children in the main group and 59.9% in the control group, anemia occurred in 78.2% of children in the 1st group and 39.9% in t…
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: children
  topic: keywords
subject: excess weight
  topic: keywords
subject: physical development
  topic: keywords
subject: heart
  topic: keywords
subject: primary school age
  topic: keywords
creator: Salomat Khudaynazarova
creator: Sharofat Kuryazova
creator: Khilola Ilkhomova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1089
ending page: 1092
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-5-1089-1092

INTEGRATING NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PARACLINICAL FINDINGS FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
type: item
description: Relevance. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) remains a devastating progressive encephalopathy in children, caused by persistent measles virus infection. Accurate differential diagnosis requires integrating clinical, neurophysiological, and paraclinical data. Materials and methods.This study analyzed 180 pediatric SSPE patients treated at the Center for the Development of Professional Qualification of Medical Workers and the National Children’s Medical Center between 2019 and 2024. Data included demographics, vaccination status, disease severity, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Characteristic EEG periodic complexes and MRI white-matter abnormalities strongly correlated with clinical stage and functional decline. Vaccination coverage was low (40%), highlighting persistent susceptibility to measles-related complications. Our findings confirm that combining EEG, MRI, and cerebrospinal fluid antibody testing increases diagnostic certainty and distinguishes SSPE from mimicking neurological conditions. Conclusion. Early recognition through multimodal assessment is essential for timely management, counseling, and trial enrollment. Strengthening vaccination strategies and standardized diagnostic protocols may reduce disease burden and improve outcomes.
subject: Article / Original Paper
  topic: section
subject: SSPE
  topic: keywords
subject: pediatric neurology
  topic: keywords
subject: EEG
  topic: keywords
subject: MRI
  topic: keywords
subject: measles
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Shakhlo Saidazizova
creator: Firdavs Inomov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 1093
ending page: 1097
doi: 10.56121/2181-2926-2025-4-5-1093-1097