THE ROLE OF PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME AND HEALTH STATUS OF INFANTS DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE
Abstract
Introduction. The first year of life represents a critical “window of development” characterized by high microbiome plasticity and increased sensitivity to various early-life factors. During this period, the foundations of immune tolerance, intestinal barrier function, and regulation of inflammatory responses are established. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant influence of the gut microbiota on the health status and development of infants in the first year of life. The aim of the study. To analyze international experience in assessing the role of perinatal and postnatal factors in the formation of the gut microbiome and health status of infants during the first year of life. Materials and Methods. A total of 36 publications were analyzed, including systematic reviews, cohort studies, prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and original research articles focusing on the role of perinatal and postnatal factors in shaping the gut microbiome and its association with infant health outcomes. Results and Discussion. The formation of the gut microbiome begins at birth and represents a stepwise dynamic process. The mode of delivery has a significant impact on the initial composition of the intestinal microbiota. Vaginally delivered infants are predominantly colonized by microorganisms of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides, whereas infants born by cesarean section demonstrate reduced microbial diversity and delayed intestinal colonization. The maternal microbiome status, nutritional characteristics, and the presence of somatic diseases significantly influence primary intestinal colonization in newborns. The maternal microbiota has been identified as one of the main sources of microorganisms transmitted to the infant during the perinatal period. Thе microbiome is determined not only by its taxonomic composition but also by its metabolic activity, particularly the ability of microorganisms to synthesize biologically active metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) — acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Up to 10% of the daily energy requirements in infants may be covered by microbial metabolites, primarily SCFAs. Delayed formation of an “age-appropriate” microbiome is associated with slower weight gain, reduced body length increment, and impaired proportional physical development. This phenomenon is especially pronounced during the first 6–12 months of life, when the microbiota undergoes active maturation. Conclusion. The gut microbiome represents a crucial link connecting early-life factors with physical and psychomotor development during the first year of life. Disruptions in microbiome formation during this period may be associated with impaired physical development, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, and the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders, highlighting the importance of early prevention and correction of dysbiosis conditions.
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