Current Views on the Relevance of Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children: Prevalence and Diagnosis (Literature Review)

Abstract

Minimal brain dysfunction is a complex of neurological disorders that can arise from trauma or problems during pregnancy. This article analyzes the literature, explains the main symptoms and causes of the syndrome, its prevalence, and the reasons for the obsolescence of the term "MMD" from a historical perspective and based on current data. Modern diagnostics, which have replaced the old term, influence the effectiveness of diagnostic methods and the treatment of patients. This article presents the results of an analysis based on the latest international literature on the prevalence of this syndrome in the pediatric population and its potential solutions. The article also includes information aimed at addressing the psychological challenges of children in the late stages of MMD development. It is demonstrated that the polymorphism of MMD clinical signs plays an important role in differentiating it from several neuropsychiatric disorders. Based on the literature on this topic, it can be concluded that in all cases of MMD, there is a delay in the functional development of brain activity, which becomes the basis for subsequent clinical manifestations. Children's intellectual development corresponds to the stages of ontogenetic development, and they struggle to master school skills and social adaptation. They develop psychoemotional instability, lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, and personality changes such as aggression. Almost all children experience various problems and conflicts in the family and school environment, depending on the degree of maladjustment. Difficulty mastering school subjects, irregular attendance at classes, and a tendency to participate in various informal groups develop.